Anniversary: Tet Offensive

This week marks the anniversary of the Tet Offensive

The Tet Offensive was a military campaign during the Vietnam War that began on January 31, 1968. Forces of the National Liberation Front for South Vietnam (Viet Cong), and the People's Army of Vietnam (the North Vietnamese army), fought against the forces of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), the United States, and their allies. The purpose of the offensive was to strike military and civilian command and control centers throughout South Vietnam and to spark a general uprising among the population that would then topple the Saigon government, thus ending the war in a single blow.[9]
The operations are referred to as the Tet Offensive because they began during the early morning hours of 31 January 1968, Tết Nguyên Đán, the first day of the year on a traditional lunar calendar and the most important Vietnamese holiday. Both North and South Vietnam announced on national radio broadcasts that there would be a two-day cease-fire during the holiday. In Vietnamese, the offensive is called Cuộc Tổng tiến công và nổi dậy ("General Offensive and Uprising"), or Tết Mậu Thân (Tet, year of the monkey).
The NLF launched a wave of attacks on the morning of 31 January in the I and II Corps Tactical Zones of South Vietnam. This early attack did not, however, cause undue alarm or lead to widespread defensive measures. When the main NLF operation began the next morning, the offensive was countrywide in scope and well coordinated, with more than 80,000 communist troops striking more than 100 towns and cities, including 36 of 44 provincial capitals, five of the six autonomous cities, 72 of 245 district towns, and the southern capital.[10] The offensive was the largest military operation yet conducted by either side up to that point in the war.
The initial attacks stunned the US and South Vietnamese armies and took them by surprise, but most were quickly contained and beaten back, inflicting massive casualties on communist forces. During the Battle of Hue intense fighting lasted for a month and the NLF executed thousands of residents in the Massacre at Huế. Around the US combat base at Khe Sanh fighting continued for two more months. Although the offensive was a military defeat for the communists, it had a profound effect on the US government and shocked the American public, which had been led to believe by its political and military leaders that the communists were, due to previous defeats, incapable of launching such a massive effort.
The term "Tet offensive" usually refers to the January-February 1968 NLF offensive, but it can also include the so-called "mini-Tet" offensives that took place in May and August.

Was Tet a success or failure? Sound off below!

By: Brant

Why Are We Afraid of These Guys Again?

China's military is clearly not all that and a bag of chips. Is our 'pivot' really that necessary?

China is also the only member of the UN’s “Big Five” never to have built and operated an aircraft carrier. While it launched a refurbished Ukrainian built carrier amidst much fanfare in September 2012 – then-President Hu Jintao and all the top brass showed up – soon afterward the big ship had to return to the docks for extensive overhauls because of suspected engine failure; not the most auspicious of starts for China’s fledgling “blue water” navy, and not the least example of a modernizing military that has yet to master last century’s technology.

Indeed, today the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) still conducts long-distance maneuver training at speeds measured by how fast the next available cargo train can transport its tanks and guns forward. And if mobilizing and moving armies around on railway tracks sounds a bit antiquated in an era of global airlift, it should – that was how it was done in the First World War.

Not to be outdone by the conventional army, China’s powerful strategic rocket troops, the Second Artillery Force, still uses cavalry units to patrol its sprawling missile bases deep within China’s vast interior. Why? Because it doesn’t have any helicopters. Equally scarce in China are modern fixed-wing military aircraft. So the Air Force continues to use a 1950s Soviet designed airframe, the Tupolev Tu-16, as a bomber (its original intended mission), a battlefield reconnaissance aircraft, an electronic warfare aircraft, a target spotting aircraft, and an aerial refueling tanker. Likewise, the PLA uses the Soviet designed Antonov An-12 military cargo aircraft for ELINT (electronic intelligence) missions, ASW (anti-submarine warfare) missions, geological survey missions, and airborne early warning missions. It also has an An-12 variant specially modified for transporting livestock, allowing sheep and goats access to remote seasonal pastures.

But if China’s lack of decent hardware is somewhat surprising given all the hype surrounding Beijing’s massive military modernization program, the state of “software” (military training and readiness) is truly astounding. At one military exercise in the summer of 2012, a strategic PLA unit, stressed out by the hard work of handling warheads in an underground bunker complex, actually had to take time out of a 15-day wartime simulation for movie nights and karaoke parties. In fact, by day nine of the exercise, a “cultural performance troupe” (common PLA euphemism for song-and-dance girls) had to be brought into the otherwise sealed facility to entertain the homesick soldiers.

US Troops Serving in the Australia Military?

The Australians have opened their ranks to certain US troops facing separation as US forces draw down.

U.S. servicemembers looking at career options in this era of shrinking military budgets and force drawdowns might want to take a look Down Under.

The Australian government is recruiting experienced U.S. enlisted personnel and officers to fill a range of positions — from submariners to doctors — in its military, according to a posting on the Australian Defence Force website.

“The Australian Defence Force looks to overseas candidates to fill gaps in our Services, which can’t currently be satisfied by standard recruitment,” reads the intro for overseas applicants on the Defence Force’s recruitment website. “We recognise that these candidates can bring skills and attributes to the Navy, Army and Air Force that will strengthen their overall operation and success rate.”

The job offers could be tempting for U.S. troops as the Afghan War winds down and the Department of Defense looks to trim billions of dollars and more than 100,000 uniformed personnel from its books.

What do you think? Could serve as a soldier in another nation's military? What countries would you be willing to fight for, if not your own?

By: Brant

US Deploys M/V Cape Ray to Syria and Yes You Read That Right

The US is, in fact, deploying a a naval vessel to Syria.

M/V Cape Ray Deployment

Today the Department of Defense announced the deployment of M/V Cape Ray from Portsmouth, Va. M/V Cape Ray is the primary contribution of the Department of Defense toward international efforts to eliminate Syria's chemical weapons material program. Over the last several months, hundreds of government and contract personnel have worked tirelessly to prepare the vessel to neutralize Syrian chemical materials and precursors using proven hydrolysis technology. This achievement could not have been possible without these remarkable contributions.
The United States remains committed to ensuring its neutralization of Syria's chemical materials prioritizes the safety of people, protects the environment, follows verification procedures of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), and with applicable standards. All waste from the hydrolysis process on M/V Cape Ray will be safely and properly disposed of at commercial facilities to be determined by the OPCW. No hydrolysis byproducts will be released into the sea or air. M/V Cape Ray will comply with all applicable international laws, regulations, and treaties.
It is the responsibility of the Assad regime to transport the chemical materials safely to facilitate their removal for destruction. The international community is poised to meet the milestones set forth by the OPCW, including the June 30 target date for the total destruction of Syria's chemical weapons materials. The United States joins the OPCW and the United Nations in calling on the Assad regime to intensify its efforts to ensure its international obligations and commitment are met so these materials may be removed from Syria as quickly and safely as possible.

By: Brant

Bad, bad, awful, terrible, horrid, and bad "research" out of California

I don't normally cite entire articles. But I have to this time, lest the stupidity of this idiotic study of "military kids" from California end up disappearing later.

Middle and high school students of military parents are twice as likely to carry guns and are more likely to be victims of physical violence such as being pushed or shoved, involved in fights, and having property stolen, according to a study of six public school districts in Southern California that was partially funded by the Defense Department.

“Changing schools and a larger number of family member deployments in the past 10 years were associated with significant increases in the likelihood of victimization and weapon carrying,” according to the study.

While 3.6 percent of non-military children in grades 7, 9 and 11 reported carrying guns to school, 8.6 percent of students with a parent in the military reported carrying a gun, according to the researchers at the University of Southern California’s School of Social Work. The research was partially funded by a Department of Defense Education Activity grant. The findings were released online from the journal Preventive Medicine.

Those who reported no family member deployments had significantly lower rates of carrying a gun to school — 2.8 percent, compared to 5.6 percent of those who had experienced one family member deployment, and 5.4 percent of those who experienced two or more family member deployments.

Military children were also more than twice as likely to have been threatened at school by someone with a weapon: 13 percent, compared to 7 percent of their non-military peers.

The research was based on the 2011 California Health Kids Survey, conducted annually to monitor youth risk, behavior and resilience. The analysis included 14,512 students in those six military-connected school districts, which were not identified. Of those, 1,338, or 9 percent, had a parent in the military and 619, or 4 percent, had a sibling in the military.

“It is possible that having a military-connected family member allows youth access to weapons in the home,” Tamika D. Gilreath, the lead author of the study and an assistant professor at the school, in the study announcement. “Additionally, multiple deployments may contribute to increased weapon carrying if a parent is deployed and parental monitoring declines in the absence of the other parent.”

Researchers noted there are no indications students are more likely to actually use weapons at school. “This may hint that carrying weapons may have a different meaning for military-connected students,” said co-author Rami Benbenishty. “We need to listen more to these students and better understand their experiences in school.”

Other findings:

■ 38 percent of children with a parent in the military reported being pushed or shoved within the past 12 months at school, compared to 29 percent of civilian kids.

■ 27 percent of military children were afraid of being attacked, compared to 19 percent of civilian kids.

■ 26 percent of military kids had been in a fight, compared to 19 percent of civilian kids.

■ 33 percent of military kids had property stolen, compared to 25 percent of civilian kids.

■ 13 percent of military kids brought a knife to school, compared to 8 percent of civilian kids

The results indicate a need for more attention to students in transition, researchers said.

“Such relocations cause youth to lose important social supports and networks,” Gilreath said. “Additionally for military-connected youth, these moves may also coincide with deployment cycles whereby they lose the support of one of their parents.”

Gilreath said the study shows that schools need to increase the support they provide to new students, especially military students.

It was not immediately known whether any of the school districts studied participate in the longstanding transition programs of the Military Child Education Coalition, which offer, among other things, training and support for school counselors in helping military students.

MCEC’s Student 2 Student program has been implemented in a number of schools around the country, including public schools and schools around the world in the Department of Defense Education Activity.

Students are trained to take new students under their wing and help them in a variety of ways, including being a lunch buddy, showing them to classes, and answering questions and providing tips and insights into the new school.

Under its educational partnership program with civilian schools, DoDEA also works with many school districts on transition issues for military students.

Just out of curiosity...
(1) Which Southern California military bases? San Diego? Because odds are better than 50-50 that the military kids receiving the shoving are receiving them from other military kids, since that's a huge percentage of the population in the area. Did you study who the bullies are? Or just their victims? Or you're not going to dig into who the bullies might be in fear of hurting their feelings when they get labeled as such?

(2) How does this study compare with comparable studies of mixed non/military schools in, say, Kansas? Maybe Southern California civilian kids are just more aggressive and less tolerant toward military kids than around other bases elsewhere in the country.

(3) Was there any consideration given to demographics like race/ethnicity, gender, primary spoken language, gang affiliation, presence of parents in the household? Of course not, this is California, where ethnicity, language, and parental supervision are all rather malleable concepts.

(4) Any studies done on other distinguishing minority features? Groups of teenage kids will inevitably tend to pick on the minorities that stand out. So in some high schools its military kids, in other high schools it might be the smart kids. What about schools where English is a minority language? Do those kids report being bullied at rates above the norm? What about schools threatened by gang violence? Do kids there carry guns more frequently than at other schools?

(5) Have any kids reported being bullies while they were carrying a gun? If not, I'd say there's a pretty valid case for guns as a form of violence deterrence. But hey, let's not arm teachers to confront shooters in schools, because guns don't solve problems, do they?


Thank you, California, for further stigmatizing one of the most culturally diverse and personally interesting groups of youth in America. After a decade of letting you send their parents off to war while you sipped lattes in the sunshine you now want to consign them to being second-class citizens in their own schools by fear-mongering them into permanent counseling instead of tapping the rich vein of nation-(and world-)wide cultural experiences they can bring to the table.

Kiss. The. Hell. Off.


By: Brant

The CIA Black Site in Poland... Not So Black Anymore

WaPo has an interesting "hidden history" of the CIA’s site in Poland.

The Americans and Poles formalized an agreement that over the previous weeks had allowed the CIA the use of a secret prison — a remote villa in the Polish lake district — to interrogate al-Qaeda suspects. The Polish intelligence service had some more funds, and the agency had a solid location for its newest covert operation, according to former CIA officials who spoke on the condition of anonymity to discuss the interrogation program, including previously unreported details about the creation of the agency’s black sites.

The CIA prison in Poland was arguably the most important of all the black sites created by the agency in the wake of the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks. It was the first of a trio in Europe that housed the initial wave of accused Sept. 11 conspirators, and it was where Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the self-declared mastermind of the attacks, was waterboarded 183 times after his capture.

Much about the creation and operation of the CIA’s prison at a base in one of the young democracies of Central Europe remains cloaked in mystery, matters that are classified as state secrets by the U.S. government. But what happened in Poland more than a decade ago continues to reverberate and the bitter debate about the CIA’s interrogation program is about to be revisited.

The U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence is preparing to release at least portions of an exhaustive 6,00o-page report on the CIA interrogation program, its value in eliciting critical intelligence, and whether Congress was misled about aspects of what the agency was doing.

The treatment of detainees also continues to be a legal issue in the military trials of Mohammed and others at Guantanamo Bay in Cuba.

And in December, the European Court of Human Rights heard arguments that Poland violated international law and participated in torture by accommodating its American ally; a decision is expected this year.

“In the face of Polish and United States efforts to draw a veil over these abuses, the European Court of Human Rights now has an opportunity to break this conspiracy of silence and uphold the rule of law,” said Amrit Singh, a lawyer with the Open Society Justice Initiative that petitioned the court on behalf of a detainee who was held there.

By: Brant

Clear Disconnects

The crackdown in Afghanistan on advertising in favor of continuing US troop presence clearly shows a disconnect between Washington and Kabul, and a serious thought that this relationship is unsalvageable so long as Karzai is part of it, given that 2 very different US Presidents couldn't get along with him.

Afghanistan's government, increasingly at odds with Washington, is cracking down on advertisements that promote keeping U.S. troops in the country after 2014 and has already shut down a spot aired by the country's most widely watched broadcasters.

The commercials - some funded by a U.S. organization - have drawn official criticism because they urge President Hamid Karzai to abandon his refusal to sign a security pact with the United States that would enable the troops to stay.

Broadcasters, which ran the spots for several weeks, came under investigation on grounds that their source of funding was unclear. All have pulled the advertisements off the air.

"We have launched an investigation into broadcasters to find out where they receive money from for such advertisements," Basir Azizi, a spokesman for the attorney general, told Reuters on Wednesday.

Despite Karzai's refusal to sign the Bilateral Security Agreement (BSA) unless several conditions were met, many Afghans are uncertain the army is able to fend off Taliban insurgents without help from the NATO-led ISAF coalition of troops.

The commercials often include interviews with rank-and-file Afghans calling on Karzai to sign the accord immediately.

In one spot, the head of a cultural association tells the president: "You should accept the people's demand and sign this as soon as possible."

The crackdown is the latest symptom of Karzai's hostility to Washington. Last week, he cited a deadly attack on a restaurant to accuse the United States of doing too little to fight terrorism.

By: Brant

Massive ARNG Aviation Re-org Coming

The ARNG aviation component is about lose all it's attack birds, and gain a lot of utility ones instead.

The U.S. Army National Guard will have to give up around 400 helicopters, including all of its attack and scout copters, if Congress approves a new and controversial Army reorganization plan.

Guard leaders oppose the move. “This will have a tremendously negative impact,” said Maj. Gen. Max Haston, adjutant general of the Tennessee National Guard.

But if the plan goes forward, the Guard will actually end up with a more useful aviation force than it has now, according to Army leaders.

Today the Guard possesses some 1,500 helicopters spread fairly evenly across the 50 states and U.S. territories. The restructuring plan would remove all of the Guard’s 200 AH-64 Apache attack copters plus its 100 or so OH-58 Kiowa scouts and 100 UH-72 Lakota utility birds.

The Vietnam War-era Kiowas would be scrapped. The Apaches would go to the Active Army to replace that component’s retired Kiowas. The Lakotas would also transfer to the Active Component, where they would replace old TH-67 copters in the training role.

As consolation prize, the Guard would gain 100 UH-60 Blackhawk transports from the Active Army, resulting in a “new” Guard fleet of around 1,200 rotorcraft—just under a third of all Army aircraft.

By: Brant

C27s Rescued from Boneyard

The USAF and DoD have decided that perhaps the best use of perfectly good short-runway intra-theater cargo aircraft is not sitting in the desert collecting dust.

Twenty-one military cargo planes on which the Pentagon spent $1 billion and sent to a desert boneyard have been designated for new missions with the Army Special Operations Command and the Coast Guard, military officials say.

The Coast Guard has targeted early 2016 to start flying the former Air Force C-27J Spartan on long range search and rescue missions, and the Special Operations Command will use the planes for military parachutists training, military officials said.

The Defense Department paid $567 million for the actual production of the aircraft, but when research and development costs were factored in, the price tag rose to $1 billion, figures show.

As part of the transfer arrangement with the Coast Guard outlined by Congress, the Coast Guard will provide seven aging C-130H planes to the Air Force, which will pay up to $130 million to refurbish the planes for firefighting service with the U.S. Forest Service, Coast Guard and Air Force officials said. In October, the Defense Department ordered seven C-27Js transferred to the Army Special Operations Command.

Senior Chief Petty Officer Daniel Tremper, a Coast Guard spokesman in Washington, D.C., said he did not have a timeline on when the maritime service would receive the 14 planes.

“At this point, there’s no specific timeline of when the transfer will happen,” he said.

The twin propeller-engine Spartan was pulled out of Air National Guard operations, which had flown the plane exclusively, and sent to the “boneyard” at the 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Ariz., beginning last July, Dayton Daily News archives show.

Today, 13 planes remain in storage with a 14th at a L-3 Communications factory in Waco, Texas, with the plane slated to join the others headed to Davis-Monthan, Air Force spokeswoman Ann Stefanek said in an email. The Dayton Daily News reported on the planes trip from production line to storage in October.

By: Brant

Anniversary: The Start of Gulf War I

Today marks the anniversary of the start of the air campaign known as Operation Instant Thunder.

The Gulf War air campaign was broadcast across the world on CNN.

At 2:43 A.M. two EF-111 Ravens with terrain following radar led 22 F-15E Strike Eagles against assaults on airfields in Western Iraq. Minutes later, one of the EF-111 crews – Captain James Denton and Captain Brent Brandon – destroyed an Iraqi Dassault Mirage F-1, when their low altitude maneuvering led the F-1 to crash to the ground. It was not credited to the crew but an F-15E that was also involved in the manuevering.[6]

At 3 A.M., ten U.S. F-117 Nighthawk stealth bombers, under the protection of a three-ship formation of EF-111s, bombed Baghdad, the capital. The striking force came under fire from 3,000 Anti-Aircraft guns firing from rooftops in Baghdad.

Within hours of the start of the coalition air campaign, a P-3 Orion called Outlaw Hunter developed by the U.S. Navy’s Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, which was testing a highly specialised over-the-horizon radar, detected a large number of Iraqi patrol boats and naval vessels attempting to make a run from Basra and Umm Qasr to Iranian waters. Outlaw Hunter vectored in strike elements, which attacked the Iraqi naval flotilla near Bubiyan Island destroying 11 vessels and damaging scores more.

Concurrently, U.S. Navy BGM-109 Tomahawk Cruise Missiles struck targets in Baghdad, and other coalition aircraft struck targets throughout Iraq. Government buildings, TV stations, airfields, presidential palaces, military installations, communication lines, supply bases, oil refineries, a Baghdad airport, electric powerplants and factories making Iraqi war machine equipment were all destroyed due to extensive massive aerial and missile attacks by the coalition forces.

Here's the broadcast most people remember


Did you know anyone who fought in Gulf I? Tell us the story below.

By: Brant

Monday Video: Jammin' in the 'Stan

Some Brits getting their groove on in Afghanistan By: Brant

Again, the Palestinians Miss the Point

One of the reactions to Ariel Sharon's death was as sadly predictable as it was rooted in fantasy.

He wanted to erase the Palestinian people from the map ... He wanted to kill us, but at the end of the day, Sharon is dead and the Palestinian people are alive." — Tawfik Tirawi, who served as Palestinian intelligence chief when Sharon was prime minister.

If Sharon wanted the Palestinians erased from the map, why did he pull all the settlements, soldiers, and garrisons out of the Gaza Strip, and leave it to the Palestinians?

More to the point - other than blaming Israel, what have the Palestinians done to improve the situation in Gaza? They were left several acres of greenhouses to assist in starting any sort of produce- or agri-based industry (flowers, fruits, veggies, etc). Guess what happened to those greenhouses? The Palestinians have been screaming for "their" land back for 2 generations, and yet when given "their" land back, have used it to continue to launch rockets at civilian targets.

The Palestinians are not interested in peace. They are incapable of it. Their entire national character is defined by their struggle against Israel and have absolutely no incentive to discontinue it.

By: Brant

Navy to Christen Joint High Speed Vessel "Fall River"

This Saturday, the Navy will christen their fourth Joint High Speed Vessel, the Fall River.

The Navy will christen Joint High Speed Vessel (JHSV) Fall River on Jan. 11, during a 10 a.m. CST ceremony in Mobile, Ala.

Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus will deliver the ceremony’s principal address. Diane Patrick, the first lady of Massachusetts, will serve as the ship’s sponsor.

Upon delivery to the U.S. Navy’s Military Sealift Command (MSC), Fall River will be designated as a United States naval ship (USNS), and will have a core crew of 21 civilian mariners who will operate and navigate the ship.

“The christening of USNS Fall River marks the culmination of the hard work, skill and dedication of the hundreds of shipyard workers who have labored tirelessly to produce this modern marvel,” Mabus said. “This highly-advanced platform not only represents a key part of our Navy's future, but also celebrates the long and proud partnership enjoyed by the U.S. Navy and the state of Massachusetts; a partnership dating back to the founding of the service.”

The future USNS Fall River, the fourth Spearhead-class JHSV, will be the second ship to bear this name in honor of the city of Fall River, Mass., and the service of the men and women from that city.

The first USS Fall River (CA 131) was a Baltimore-class heavy cruiser commissioned in 1945 and used largely on training missions. The tip of the bow of the decommissioned cruiser is on display at Battleship Cove in Fall River.

The 338 foot-long aluminum catamaran is being constructed by Austal USA in Mobile, Ala. These ships are ideal for fast, intra-theater transportation of troops, military vehicles, supplies and equipment. They are capable of transporting 600 short tons 1,200 nautical miles at an average speed of 35 knots and can operate in austere ports and waterways, providing U.S. forces added mobility and flexibility. JHSVs also have an aviation flight deck and berthing space for up to 104 personnel and airline-style seating for up to 312.

By: Brant

South Sudan Fighting Back in First Major Internal Security Challenge

The fledgling country is fighting back at rebels in Bentiu and Bor.

South Sudan's army is advancing on the key rebel-held centres of Bentiu and Bor, as rebels strengthen defences in Bentiu.

An army spokesman was quoted as saying that government troops were "next to Bentiu" and some 15km (9 miles) away from Bor. Reports say hundreds have fled violence in Bor.

At least 1,000 people have been killed in fighting since 15 December.

Regionally brokered talks to declare a ceasefire have stalled.

People who escaped the violence told AFP news agency that gunmen shot dead fleeing civilians, torched entire villages and looted crops.

By: Brant

1-12 CAV To Korea

They're not really a cav unit in the traditional sense, so the DoD headline of "Cavalry Unit Deploys to Republic of Korea" isn't 100% accurate. But they're from 1CAV, so they carry the historical designation... Still, it's the Army's turn to perform the Asia-Pacific Pivot and hope the budget guys notice.

Cavalry Unit Deploys to Republic of Korea

Today, the Defense Department announced the rotational deployment of the U.S. Army's 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry Regiment, 1st U.S. Cavalry Division from Fort Hood, Texas to Camps Hovey and Stanley, Republic of Korea, on Feb. 1.

This combined arms battalion, comprised of approximately 800 soldiers and its own wheeled and tracked vehicles, will deploy to conduct operations in support of U.S. Forces Korea and Eighth Army. This action supports the United States' defense commitment to the Republic of Korea as specified by the mutual defense treaty and presidential agreements.

The battalion will provide a trained and combat-ready force that will deploy with their equipment to South Korea. The equipment will remain in country for use by follow-on rotations. The soldiers of the battalion will return to Fort Hood upon completion of their 9-month rotation.

The deployment of 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry Regiment to Korea is part of U.S. enduring rebalancing efforts within the Asia-Pacific region, and allows for greater responsiveness to better meet theater operational requirements.

By: Brant